ZeroFox’s Hacktivism: Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures white paper (2025) examines the evolution, motivations, and alliances of hacktivist collectives. It traces hacktivism from early symbolic protests like NASA’s 1989 WANK worm to modern operations by groups such as Anonymous and Killnet. Motivations range from political and social causes to state-aligned agendas, often responding to geopolitical events. Common TTPs include DDoS, website defacement, hack-and-leak operations, and doxxing. Recent alliances like Sylhet Gang and Holy League show cross-border coordination around conflicts such as India-Pakistan and Israel-Palestine. ZeroFox advises adopting zero-trust models, regular patching, intelligence monitoring, and strong MFA to counter these threats.

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