Health systems face different challenges worldwide: low-HDI nations struggle with human resources, while high-HDI countries focus on delivery gaps. Africa bears over 24% of the global disease burden but has just 3% of the health workforce. Communicable diseases still outpace NCDs, with preventable illnesses causing millions of deaths due to poverty and lack of access to primary care. Four in ten in sub-Saharan Africa lack medical services, while out-of-pocket costs exceed 60%, trapping families in poverty. Weak surveillance, limited labs, staff shortages, and poor epidemic readiness further strain systems, leaving Africans among the least satisfied globally.

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