Case Study Challenge An Investor Owned Utility (IOU) was faced with a large number of older downtown networks and was concerned about arc flash and the risk of potentially hazardous failure of network transformers. As with the traditional design of distribution networks used since the 1920’s, the typical network transformer had no high side fuses or primary protection other than the substation breaker. A fault in either the primary termination or switch compartment, or the transformer tank could result in a catastrophic failure and possible hazardous arc flash situation. The utility had several occurances of faults which sheared all of the transformer compartment cover bolts and propelled a manhole cover into the air. Underground cable failures could have similar results. Fortunat

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