This white paper explores the pathway to fossil-free steel, addressing steel’s role as both essential and highly carbon-intensive. With the industry contributing 7–9% of global CO₂ emissions, decarbonization is urgent to meet Paris Agreement targets. Key drivers include regulatory pressure, rising demand from green-focused industries, and public expectations. Pathways involve carbon capture, hydrogen-based direct reduction, and electrochemical methods. Global case studies highlight Sweden’s HYBRIT project, U.S. clean energy policies, India’s HIsarna process, China’s hydrogen pilots, and Brazil’s biomass use. Collaboration, digitalization, and investment are emphasized as critical enablers of a fossil-free steel future.

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