The BCG white paper argues innovation is now a core engine of economic growth, resilience, and soft power. Each $1 spent on R&D yields about $2 in returns, with innovation driving 50% of annual U.S. GDP growth. Nations like Singapore and Switzerland link strong innovation strategies to high GDP per capita, while SMEs use innovation to disrupt markets and survive crises. During COVID-19, top innovators outperformed the market by 17%. Future progress hinges on new net-zero technologies, space commercialization, and closing the widening gap between leaders and laggards. Success requires stable funding, balanced risk, talent mobility, IP protection, incentives, and international collaboration. A blend of top-down policy and bottom-up solutions ensures innovation drives inclusive, sustainable g

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