Rising ransomware attacks on critical infrastructure have significantly increased public awareness of cybersecurity risks affecting both information technology and operational technology systems. While recent incidents are often described as wakeup calls, cybersecurity specialists have recognized the vulnerability of OT environments for more than a decade, dating back to early attacks such as Stuxnet. For maritime stakeholders, these risks are especially critical due to the reliance on interconnected operational systems that support navigation, cargo handling, port operations, and vessel safety. This paper explores how OT cybersecurity threats have evolved over time and highlights key considerations for improving resilience and protecting maritime operations from disruptive and potentially

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