Executive summary: The ammonia industry as well as the general chemical industry has always dealt with fluctuations in supply and demand as well as volatile feedstock and energy costs. The unexpected global pandemic that started in 2020 has injected a higher degree of uncertainty for ammonia manufacturers’ operating costs and product demand for fertilizer. From the supply side, ammonia global production capacity is expected to expand through 2030 thereby increasing competition. The basic plant control systems have limitations that prevent ammonia plants from operating at their optimum state and maintain profitability in a competitive scenario.

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