E-commerce has significantly reshaped supply chains, especially with the surge in online shopping during the pandemic. Key areas impacted include last-mile delivery, where electric vehicles and route optimization are being introduced to reduce emissions. First- and middle-mile delivery are seeing increased investment in sustainable aviation fuels and electric trucks, though challenges remain with charging infrastructure. Warehouses are becoming more energy-efficient with automation and renewable energy use. Packaging is evolving toward sustainability, with recyclable materials and waste reduction efforts. Returns remain a challenge, but circular economy solutions are being explored to minimize environmental impact. Collaboration across stakeholders is crucial for future improvements.

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