CASE STUDY West Rhyl Coastal Defence Phase 3 North Wales, United Kingdom The United Kingdom has seen increased coastal erosion, flooding and high wave activity, resulting in devastation to existing coastal defences using traditional reinforcement methods such as steel mesh. Where the steel has corroded causing the concrete it is encased in to spall and fail. Challenge Concrete sea defences are subjected to a very aggressive environment where continuous wave action - which often contains sand, stone and sea debris - can lead to the concrete suffering from severe degradation. Combined with a highly chloride environment, not only twill he concrete degrade, but also any embedded steel that has been used to reinforce the concrete. When this occurs, the traditional steel reinforc

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