CHALLENGE The plant’s electrostatic precipitators (ESP) were being operated based on a safety interlocking limit of 0.8 Vol% carbon monoxide (CO). Using Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) as a combustible, this limit caused numerous costly shut- downs of the ESP as well as increased emissions. RDF is often preferred in industrial combustion processes due to its lower cost and contribution to reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, because the waste material used to make RFD is not completely homogeneous, burn- ability and caloric values can vary significantly. Such varia - tions affect the burning process and outcomes, including the amount of energy released and differing values of oxygen gas (O 2 ) and CO in the process gas. Adding too much RDF can cause incomplete combustion and pot

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