Continued at the back Application Note 10-2017 Introduction The skin is the outer covering of the body which serves primarily as protection against pathogens and excessive water loss. The other functions of skin include insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and the protection of vitamin B folates. The skin is composed of three primary layers: the epidermis (outermost), the dermis, and the hypodermis (innermost). The epidermis consists of five layers and the outermost layer is the stratum corneum. On top of the stratum corneum is a very fine, slightly acidic film called acid mantle that acts as barrier to bacteria, viruses, and other potential contaminants that might penetrate the skin. 1 The normal values of pH in intact skin range from

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