Candiru is a private sector offensive actor known for selling malware to governments. Their core product offering is spyware that can be installed through a number of infection vectors on a target’s Apple, Windows, or Android device. Candiru claims that their products are “untraceable,” which makes finding domains, certificates, and other C&C infrastructure affiliated with their software especially challenging. In recent years, Candiru spyware has attracted international attention due to its active use in targeting human rights defenders, journalists, and political activists. Citizen Lab is a University of Toronto research institute at the inter- section of human rights and information technology that focuses on research, policy, and advocacy. One unique aspect of Citi

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