Vaccination remains one of the most effective and cost-efficient public health interventions, preventing 4–5 million deaths annually and saving €4 in future health costs for every €1 spent. Yet challenges persist, including vaccine hesitancy, unequal access, and underfunding—77% of EU countries allocate less than 0.5% of healthcare budgets to vaccines. Innovation is advancing rapidly with approvals for RSV, malaria, and mRNA-based vaccines, while research targets TB, HIV, and neglected tropical diseases. The global vaccines market, valued at $39B in 2022, is projected to reach $50–62B by 2027, excluding COVID-19. Success depends on policy support, stronger delivery models, and patient engagement.

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