This white paper argues that MNOs need to capture fast-emerging opportunities such as 5G private networks, BCE-driven monetization, B2B2X, IoT, dedicated service propositions, and NaaS, but that upgrading or remaking an existing, heavily customized BSS is slow, risky, and can disrupt today’s core customers. It recommends a “two-BSS” approach: keep the primary BSS stable for current segments while deploying a parallel, primetime-ready BSS that is API-friendly, cloud-ready, and scalable to safely experiment, launch new business models, and work with non-traditional partners without jeopardizing stability (pages 2–7). It emphasizes sharing common components like CRM, payments, provisioning, mediation, and orchestration to avoid building a full parallel stack, making it easier to migrate succe

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