This white paper examines real-world cyber risks in operational technology (OT) environments and maps them to IEC 62443 requirements, emphasizing a defense-in-depth strategy for industrial control systems. It highlights widespread security gaps—limited visibility, legacy systems, and devices “insecure by design”—as OT networks become more exposed through IT/OT convergence. Continuous monitoring and anomaly detection are presented as essential for asset discovery, vulnerability identification, and compliance with standards such as IEC 62443-3-2 and 3-3. The paper concludes that OT security must be a continuous reassessment process because threats and infrastructure evolve over time.

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