This paper explains the evolution from the original NIS Directive to NIS2, expanding cybersecurity obligations for essential and important organizations across the EU. Page 1 highlights the increased regulatory pressure driven by digitalization and rising cyber threats. The document details mandatory incident reporting, supply-chain risk management, operational resilience, and executive accountability. It outlines enforcement mechanisms including audits, sanctions, and supervisory actions. It also provides readiness recommendations such as security monitoring, identity governance, vulnerability management, and documented risk frameworks to support compliance before the NIS2 deadlines.

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