This white paper explores homomorphic encryption, a cryptographic method allowing computations on encrypted data without decryption. It details its evolution, current FHE schemes (BGV, BFV, CKKS), and open-source libraries like SEAL, PALISADE, and HElib. Experiments demonstrate FHE’s privacy benefits but also show trade-offs in storage, speed, and scalability. A hybrid FHE-AES model reduces overhead while preserving confidentiality. The paper concludes with future trends, highlighting FHE’s promise in privacy-first computing and challenges such as performance, ciphertext size, and standardization.

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