Immuno-oncology is transforming cancer care through checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapy, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and combination regimens, expanding survival benefits across more tumor types. Globally, clinical trials are shifting to diverse geographies like India, where strong infrastructure and expertise support growth, though cost remains a barrier. In India, CAR T-cell therapy shows promising early results, with 92% overall response in a Phase I/Ib trial, but affordability and access challenges persist. Biosimilar competition looms as blockbuster immunotherapies lose exclusivity by 2030, while rare cancers highlight unmet needs requiring tailored research, funding, and consortia.

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