Oncology is advancing rapidly with over 100 new treatments expected in five years, driven by novel modalities like antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bi-/multi-specific antibodies, and radioligand therapies. ADCs combine antibody precision with cytotoxic potency, bispecifics unlock versatile immune mechanisms, and RLTs deliver targeted radioactive payloads with high precision. These modalities grew 40–48% annually (2019–2024) and are projected to reach $37B by 2028. Yet adoption is slowed by resource limits, infrastructure bottlenecks, and complex care pathways. Success depends on aligning evidence, optimizing access, and ensuring health system readiness.

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