SOLVING THE CHALLENGE OF SECURING AN AIR-GAPPED ENVIRONMENTINTRODUCTION Cyberattacks against all areas of critical infra- structure have grown exponentially in the past few years, both in frequency and maliciousness. Yet as the size of such attacks has increased, their status as front-page news has decreased. Over the past decade, we have seen serious cyberattacks conducted against oil and gas, aerospace, traffic control systems, utilities, and all areas of manufacturing. Attackers have repeatedly shown that no system is off-limits or out of reach. Even more alarmingly, components within the environment, such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), have become not only targets to be attacked but also weapons to be used against other systems. It is understood that the conseq

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