ISACs are sector‑specific groups formed to share threat intelligence, especially indicators of compromise, across communities at risk. Created to strengthen collaboration, they later expanded into ISAOs to support any affinity group. Sharing models include dedicated ISACs and ISAOs for sectors like healthcare, finance, energy, and elections; managed security services and resellers that distribute threat intel; and holding companies that enable information sharing among their enterprise customers. These structures help organizations improve awareness and strengthen collective defense.

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