As IT, OT, and cloud environments grow more complex, organizations must modernize PAM programs to reduce risks tied to identity silos and poor visibility, which 70% and 49% of enterprises cite as major issues. Many still view privileged identities narrowly as only IT admins, ignoring machine and cloud accounts. Modern PAM requires discovering and securing all roles, enforcing Zero Standing Privileges with just-in-time access, and continuously measuring activity through audits. Foundational controls like credential vaulting and least privilege must be paired with evolved controls such as session isolation and monitoring to prevent theft, escalation, lateral movement, and insider threats.

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