The NIS2 Directive is the European Union’s updated cybersecurity regulation designed to strengthen the security and resilience of essential and important services across the EU. Replacing the original NIS Directive, NIS2 significantly expands the number of covered sectors, including energy, water, transport, manufacturing, digital infrastructure, and public administration. Member states were required to transpose NIS2 into national law by October 17, 2024, with enforcement beginning immediately thereafter. Compliance requires organizations to adopt risk‑based cybersecurity controls, improve governance and incident response, and demonstrate ongoing conformity through documented evidence. Successfully implementing NIS2 involves aligning technical and organizational measures, automating evide

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