CARB sets the toughest air rules; any heavy-duty truck (GVWR >14,000 lb) operating in California must comply or face steep fines. Two pillars: the aftermarket-parts rule (no tampering with OEM OBD; only CARB-approved T-harnesses) and Clean Truck Check (HD I/M) requiring regular emissions testing/reporting via test centers, PEACS, in-house OBD scans, or continuously connected telematics. Timeline: registration/fees by 12/31/24; periodic testing starts 1/1/25 (twice yearly; quarterly in 2027). Fleets must register, pay, test, submit within 90 days, and train drivers; some vehicles are exempt. Penalties: up to $10k/vehicle/day, $42,450 for illegal T-harnesses. Geotab offers CARB-approved telematics to automate reporting.

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