Firewalls and data diodes are both used to protect networks, but they differ fundamentally in design and security assurance. Firewalls originated as a metaphor for physical fire barriers and rely on software rules, policies, and inspections to control two‑way network traffic. Like physical firewalls, they are not intended to withstand attacks indefinitely and may fail if vulnerabilities are exploited. Data diodes, by contrast, are built on uncompromising hardware‑based technology that enforces one‑way communication by design. This physical enforcement prevents data from flowing back into protected networks, eliminating entire classes of cyber threats. Unlike firewalls, data diodes do not rely on software decisions and cannot be reconfigured or bypassed through cyber attack, providing a hig

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