Retiring 2G and 3G networks allows operators to repurpose spectrum for more efficient 4G LTE and 5G services, driven by demands for faster speeds and greater bandwidth. This transition is cost-effective, supporting more devices per spectrum and reducing operational costs. However, it poses challenges for roaming, as not all users will switch to 4G or have VoLTE support, impacting operators' ability to service inbound roamers and potentially leading to lost roaming revenue and higher rates for consumers. Solutions include interworking functions for 3G fallback via VoLTE, ensuring seamless connectivity for roamers.

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