Union Station in downtown Toronto is Canada’s busiest commuter rail terminal. Excavations of up to 6 metres below the existing basement slab level of the 90 year old rail viaduct were required to enable con- struction of a modern retail concourse. The viaduct was constructed on reclaimed land at the original Toronto Harbourfront. Challenging subsur- face conditions included abandoned timber wharf structures, saturated clayey silt and mixed fi

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