Optimal Air-fuel Optimal air-fuel ratio is a key challenge and keeps coming up as an open issue for the engine control community. Since the 1980s, the transition from carburetors to electronically controlled injection systems has been motivating researchers to concentrate on this topic. Proper control of the air-fuel ratio is greatly benefi cial to the performance of three-way catalysts in both steady and transient operations. This control task therefore plays a fundamental role in limiting exhaust emissions in SI, GDI and lean-burn engines. Neural networks for Engine test bench equipped with lambda sensors in the exhaust pipe. PAGE 20 AIR-FUEL RATIORatio air-fuel ratio control performed by MicroAutoBox Requirements For Air-fuel Ratio Control Despite the considerable effo

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