CASE STUDY – OFFSHORE INDUSTRY – PIPE-IN-PIPE SPACER Background Traditionally pipe-in-pipe centralisers were manufactured from steel or “soft” plastics, such as polyurethane. The physical requirements for centralisers such as abrasion resistance, compressive strength and thermal conductivity have become more stringent as pipeline efficiencies have become more demanding. Disadvantages ¾ Low abrasion resistance ¾ Heat loss ¾ D

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