System Identification: HVAC chilled water system Solids/Liquids: Metallic oxide grit, scale, sand, grit and water Problems: Fouling from both internal and external forces reduced the efficiency of the cooling system at the 600-bed University of Alberta Hospital site in Canada. Manufacturer’s data for the coils connected to this system documents an increase in overall system energy consumption by 7% for a fouling factor of only .001. The efficienc

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