Diabetes and Cognition Disorder-specific impairments and treatment-induced effects on cognitive function. Diabetes mellitus is defined by high blood glucose concentrations and the body’s inability to regulate these concentrations properly. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are characterised by hyperglycaemia, their epidemiology, pathophysiology, and associated comorbidities are, however, different. Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes accounts for 5–10% of patients with diabetes and typically develops in childhood or early adulthood; in most patients, the age of onset is younger than 30 years.

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