Esperanza porphyry copper-gold mine is located 100 km south of Calama in the Antofagasta region at 2300 m above sea level. The pit measures 1.5 km long, 1.3-1.4 km wide and 390-400 m deep. The geology comprises a sequence of Cretaceous volcaniclastic andesite and dacite dipping 20 to 30 degrees west, with a series of minor porphyry intrusions. The main structural model, generated by geologists for the Esperanza mine in August 2013, clea

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