www.howden.com ONE OF THE BY-PRODUCTS OF THE ALCOA ALUMINA REFINERY IN KWINANA IS A BAUXITE RESIDUE, A RED SLUDGE THAT WAS HIGHLY ALKALINE IN NATURE. THIS SLUDGE WAS PUT TO WASTE IN SPECIALISED LANDFILL BUT ITS ALKALINE COMPOSITION INHIBITED PLANT GROWTH, AND TO MAKE MATTERS WORSE THE SLURRY PIPELINE WAS DEVELOPING LEAKS. Alcoa knew that by mixing the residue with CO 2 , which ‘locks’ the CO 2 into the chemical structure, they could turn the

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