For turbulent flows the choice of how to represent the turbulence in a CFD model is critical to the validity of the results. There exist a large number of low fidelity models of turbulence which model its effects entirely (Reynolds’ Averaged Navier Stokes models, or “RANS”) which are often referred to as engineering workhorse models as they are relatively easy to use and are computationally efficient. With the advent of cloud computing however, higher fidelity turbulence models which model only around 10% of the effects of turbulence and capture the remainder directly (Large Eddy Simulation, or “LES”), can now be brought to bear on CFD studies. Simon Hubbard founded Upstream Applied Science Ltd. in the UK in 2019 to offer applied science and math consultancy services and

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