The challenge GRM’s client proposed to develop the site of a former steel works with light residential structures and associated infrastructure. However, Coal Authority records showed the possible presence of up to five mineshafts, as well as coal workings within five seams of coal at 60m to 160m depth. The shafts and coal workings were a major cause for concern with regard to surface instability that could potentially cause problems for the development. Although previous probe drilling exercises to locate the shafts had been unsuccessful, there was still good reason to suspect their presence. GRM’s task was to prove unequivocally whether they existed and if so, their exact locations and to treat them to remove the risk they posed. KEY FACTS  Up to five mineshafts potentially present with

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